Skepticism

Broca’s Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science Carl Sagan, 1979 Executive Summary The title comes from a jar in a Paris museum: the preserved brain of Paul Broca, the nineteenth-century neurologist who first mapped the speech centers of the human cortex. Sagan found it there alongside the brains of other scientists, each labeled, each reduced to tissue — and the image opened a question he carries through the entire book: what is the relationship between the physical brain and the ideas it generates? Broca’s Brain is Sagan’s most essayistic work — twenty-five chapters covering pseudoscience, the origin of the universe, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, the nature of scientific thinking, and the particular joy of discovery. It is less unified than Cosmos and more candid than The Demon-Haunted World. The thesis, distributed across essays rather than stated once: the romance of science — the genuine excitement of not knowing and then finding out — is the most honest and most human response to the universe we inhabit. ...

The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark Carl Sagan, 1995 Executive Summary Written in the last year of his life, The Demon-Haunted World is Sagan’s most direct argument: that skepticism is not a temperament but a practice, and that a democracy that loses the habit of critical thinking loses everything else with it. The book’s central offering — the “baloney detection kit,” a set of tools for evaluating claims — is as practical as a Swiss Army knife and about as portable. The thesis is simple: the candle of science does not guarantee light, but without it we are navigating by superstition. ...